ArmaWeld  /  NDT

NDT /
Non-Destructive Testing.

VT, PT, MT and UT inspections in-house with EN ISO 9712 Level II certified personnel. Licensed partner for RT.

NDT muayene
● Non-Destructive Testing · EN ISO 9712
02 / Methods

NDT.METHODS — 5

Technical profile of each method.

IN-HOUSE
VT · PT · MT · UT
ISO 9712 Level II certified personnel · in-house reporting · full traceability
OUTSOURCED
RT
Requires radiation licence. Performed with our authorised licensed lab partner — film/digital reports are filed directly into the project dossier.
// 01 · VT — VISUAL TESTING

Visual Testing.

The first, most fundamental and most important step of every inspection. The weld is visually evaluated with mirrors, LED lamps, weld gauges and digital microscopes. Performed at 20 °C under ≥ 350 lux illumination.

Standard
EN ISO 17637
Personnel Qualification
EN ISO 9712 L2
Equipment
Welding Gauge
Detection Depth
Surface only
Defects Detected
  • Surface cracks (macro)
  • Weld geometry deviations (height, length, edge)
  • Undercut
  • Spatter, surface dents, roughness
  • Joint misalignment, sagging
  • Root penetration defects (where accessible)
Gözle muayene
● Gözle Muayene · VT
■ VT · VISUAL TESTING EN ISO 17637
VT
Visual Inspection
EN ISO 17637
01
Surface cleaning & lighting setup
02
Pre-weld geometry check
03
Inter-pass supervision
04
Final inspection (≥ 350 lux)
05
Measurement & recording
Personnel Qualification
EN ISO 9712 · Seviye 2
Min. Light Intensity
≥ 350 lux (white light)
Viewing Distance
600 mm · 30° angle
Record Format
Inspection report + photo
Scope
100% weld · mandatory
Acceptance Criterion
EN ISO 5817 B / C
Surface Sensitivity
Very High
Geometry Check
High
Hacim Tespiti
Not possible
PRE-WELDDURING WELDPOST-WELDGEOMETRYSURFACE100% COVERAGE
PERFORMED IN-HOUSE ● OPERATIONAL
// 02 · PT — LIQUID PENETRANT

Penetrant Testing.

A liquid penetrant seeps into surface-breaking cracks by capillary action; after washing and applying a developer the indication is drawn out and made visible. Indispensable for non-magnetic materials (stainless steel, aluminium, copper alloys).

Standard
EN ISO 3452
Penetration Time
≥ 20 minutes
Temperature Range
10 – 50 °C
Detection Limit
Surface only
Defects Detected
  • Surface-breaking cracks (hot, cold)
  • Surface-breaking pores and craters
  • Unfused joint lines
  • Fine surface defects (>1 µm)
Penetrant muayene
● Penetrant Muayene · PT
■ PT · PENETRANT TESTING EN ISO 3452
PT
Liquid Penetrant Testing
EN ISO 3452
01
Surface cleaning
02
Penetrant application
03
Dwell time (≥ 20 min)
04
Washing & developer
05
Inspection & recording
Personnel Qualification
EN ISO 9712 · Seviye 2
Penetration Time
≥ 20 minutes
Temperature Range
10 – 50 °C
Detection Limit
> 1 µm width
Material
Non-ferromagnetic · all metals
Acceptance Criterion
EN ISO 23277
Surface Crack Detection
Very High
Applicable Materials
Wide (Non-mag.)
Hacim Tespiti
Not possible
STAINLESSALUMINIUMCOPPERNON-MAGNETICCRACKPOROSITY
PERFORMED IN-HOUSE ● OPERATIONAL
// 03 · MT — MAGNETIC PARTICLE

Magnetic Particle.

When a magnetic field is applied to ferromagnetic material, iron particles are attracted to the leakage flux around surface and near-surface (2–3 mm) defects. Preferred over PT on carbon and low-alloy steels.

Standard
EN ISO 17638
Compatible Material
Ferromagnetic
Magnetic Field
2 – 6 kA/m
Detection Depth
≤ 3 mm
Defects Detected
  • Surface and near-surface cracks
  • Cold lap
  • Near-surface porosity clusters (shallow)
  • Rolling/lamination defects
Manyetik parçacık muayene
● Manyetik Parçacık · MT
■ MT · MAGNETIC PARTICLE EN ISO 17638
MT
Magnetic Particle Testing
EN ISO 17638
01
Magnetisation with yoke
02
Particle application (wet/dry)
03
UV / white light inspection
04
Demagnetisation
05
Recording
Personnel Qualification
EN ISO 9712 · Seviye 2
Equipment
Yoke (AC/DC) · Bench
Detection Depth
Surface + sub-surface ≤ 2 mm
Particle Type
Fluorescent (UV) · Colour
Material
Ferromagnetic steel only
Acceptance Criterion
EN ISO 23278
Surface Crack Detection
Highest
Near-Surface (≤2mm)
Good
Hacim Tespiti
Not possible
FERROMAGNETICCARBON STEELYOKEAC/DCFLUORESCENTCRITICAL WELD
PERFORMED IN-HOUSE ● OPERATIONAL
// 04 · UT — ULTRASONIC (IN-HOUSE)

Ultrasonic Testing.

High-frequency sound waves travel through the material and reflect when they encounter a discontinuity (defect, inner surface). The safest and most economical method to detect volumetric (internal) defects. On thick plates it is far safer than RT (no radiation). Performed by our ISO 9712 Level II certified personnel — reporting in-house.

Standard
EN ISO 17640
Probe Angle
0° · 45° · 60° · 70°
Frequency
2 – 5 MHz
Detection Depth
Volumetric (full section)
Defects Detected
  • Internal cracks (all orientations)
  • Lack of penetration, lack of fusion
  • Volumetric defects (large pores, slag inclusions)
  • Lamination (rolling)
  • All defects classified as volumetric in ISO 5817
Ultrasonik muayene
● Ultrasonic Testing · UT
■ UT · ULTRASONIC TESTING EN ISO 17640
UT
Ultrasonic Testing
EN ISO 17640
01
Calibration (reference block)
02
Scanning (A-scan pulse-echo)
03
Echo evaluation
04
Defect size & position
05
Report & accept/reject
Personnel Qualification
EN ISO 9712 · Seviye 2
Frequency
Ø 5 MHz (standard)
Method
A-scan · Pulse-Echo
Reference Block
IIW/V1 + V2
Scope
Full-penetration welds
Acceptance Criterion
EN ISO 11666
Volumetric Defect Detection
Very High
Detection Depth
Full Section
Surface Defects
Limited
A-SCANPULSE-ECHOØ5 MHzINTERNAL DEFECTHEAVY SECTIONPRESSURE VESSEL
PERFORMED IN-HOUSE ● OPERATIONAL
// 05 · RT — RADIOGRAPHY (OUTSOURCED)

Radiographic Testing.

X-ray or gamma radiation passes through the material and is attenuated differently at defects, making them visible on film or digital detectors. For safety reasons ArmaWeld carries this out via an authorised partner laboratory; reports are added to your job dossier.

Standard
EN ISO 17636
Source Type
X-ray · Ir-192
Partner
Authorised Licensed Lab
Detection Depth
Volumetric · 2D image
Defects Detected
  • Volumetric defects (porosity, slag inclusions)
  • Planar defects (cracks) — if orientation is favourable
  • Lack of penetration, incomplete fusion
  • Inner surface reactions, irregularities
Radyografik muayene
● Radyografik Muayene · RT
■ RT · RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING EN ISO 17636
RT
Radiographic Testing
EN ISO 17636
01
Source & area safety preparation
02
Film / digital detector placement
03
Exposure (X-ray / Gamma)
04
Film processing / digital readout
05
Image interpretation & report
Source Type
X-ray · Gamma (Ir-192 / Se-75)
Personnel Qualification
EN ISO 9712 · Level II + irradiation licence
Detection Capacity
Volumetric · full section
Digital Option
CR / DR panel
Application
Pressure vessel · critical weld
Acceptance Criterion
EN ISO 10675
Volumetric Defect Detection
Very High
Surface Defects
Good
Thickness Independence
Wide Range
X-RAYGAMMAPRESSURE VESSELDIGITALLICENSED
OUTSOURCED · LICENSED PARTNER ● PARTNER LAB
02 / Defect Catalogue

DEFECT — 6 TYPES

The right inspection method for each defect type.

ISO 6520-1 / 100
C
CRACK
100 · CRACK

Crack

A separation caused by loss of cohesion. May be hot (solidification) or cold (hydrogen) induced. The most dangerous class of defect.

▶ VT · PT · MT · UT · RT
ISO 6520-1 / 2011
P
POROSITY
200 · POROSITY

Porosity

Spherical voids caused by gas trapped during solidification. Prevented by shielding-gas purity, dry electrodes and a clean surface.

▶ UT · RT (primary) · VT (if open)
ISO 6520-1 / 301
S
SLAG
300 · SLAG

Slag Inclusion

Slag remnants left in the weld due to insufficient inter-pass cleaning. Prevented by disciplined grinding/brushing in multi-pass welds.

▶ UT · RT
ISO 6520-1 / 401
F
FUSION
401 · LACK OF FUSION

Lack of Fusion

Failure to achieve full fusion between filler and base metal or between passes. Caused by low current or incorrect technique.

▶ UT (primer) · RT
ISO 6520-1 / 4021
R
ROOT
402 · LACK OF PEN.

Lack of Penetration

Failure of the root pass to traverse the full material thickness. Occurs with incorrect root angle, root opening or root pass parameters.

▶ UT · RT · VT (if accessible)
ISO 6520-1 / 5011
U
OLUK
501 · UNDERCUT

Undercut

A notch/groove in the base material at the weld toe. Caused by excess current or incorrect torch angle. Starting point of fatigue cracking.

▶ VT (primer) · MT · PT
03 / Acceptance Criteria

EN ISO 5817

Acceptance levels are determined by application requirement.

Not every job is inspected with the same severity. Depending on the structural risk class, EN ISO 5817 Level B, C or D acceptance is applied. Unless stated otherwise, ArmaWeld's default is the strictest, Level B.

Class Typical Application Crack Pore (single) Undercut Misalignment
B · Strict Pressure vessel, crane, dynamic load, critical structure Not allowed d ≤ 0.2·t · max 3mm ≤ 0.5 mm ≤ 0.1·t · max 3 mm
C · Medium General structural steel, machine elements Not allowed d ≤ 0.3·t · max 4mm ≤ 1.0 mm ≤ 0.15·t · max 4 mm
D · Low Static load, hidden, low importance Not allowed d ≤ 0.4·t · max 5mm ≤ 1.5 mm ≤ 0.25·t · max 5 mm
04 / Teknik Derinlik

NDT scope and acceptance testing

Matris

NDT Scope Matrix (by Sector)

Sector / StandardVTPTMTUTRTVT Accept.UT Accept.MT Accept.PT Accept.RT Accept.Application Note
EN 1090 EXC3100%—10% critical5% full pen.—EN ISO 5817 BEN ISO 11666 Level BEN ISO 17638——5817 applies to VT only. UT: t≥8 mm, full pen., accessible prep. Fillet/corner: MT or VT.
PED Cat. II–III100%100% (SS/Al)—100% full pen.100% weldEN ISO 5817 BEN ISO 11666 / 17640—EN ISO 23277EN ISO 17636 / EN 13445PT instead of MT on stainless/aluminium. RT via partner lab.
EN 15085 CL1100%——100%—EN ISO 5817 BEN ISO 11666 + EN 15085———UT mandatory on fatigue joints; VT alone insufficient.
HARDOX bucket100%—20%——EN ISO 5817 C—EN ISO 17638——UT rarely applied (t<12 mm fillet). MT for ferromagnetic HARDOX.
Stainless process100%100% critical—Project-basedPartner labEN ISO 5817 BEN ISO 11666 / 17640—EN ISO 23277 / 3452-1EN ISO 17636MT not applicable (non-magnetic). PT or UT preferred.
General machinery100%SS/Al critical10% (CS)t≥8 mm full pen.Partner labEN ISO 5817 B/CEN ISO 11666 (project)EN ISO 17638EN ISO 23277EN ISO 17636 (project)NDT scope defined in ITP; method selected by material and joint type.

Important: EN ISO 5817 is the VT acceptance class only. UT → EN ISO 11666/17640, MT → EN ISO 17638, PT → EN ISO 23277/3452-1, RT → EN ISO 17636. No UT on fillet/corner welds without full penetration.

Personel

NDT Personnel Competency Table

MethodLevelCertificateScope
VT (Visual)Level IIEN ISO 9712All project types
PT (Penetrant)Level IIEN ISO 9712Stainless, aluminium, critical CS
MT (Magnetic)Level IIEN ISO 9712Ferromagnetic steel, HARDOX
UT (Ultrasonic)Level IIEN ISO 9712Thick plate, full penetration, EN 15085
RT (Radiography)Partner labAccredited (TÜRKAK)PED, pressure vessel, critical welds
FAT

FAT — Factory Acceptance Test Procedure

  1. Pre-meeting (Pre-FAT): ITP, test plan and acceptance criteria approved with customer/third party.
  2. Document review: WPS, MTC, NDT reports, dimensional report, CE DoP checked.
  3. Visual inspection: VT 100%; surface treatment, marking, paint/galvanize quality.
  4. Dimensional verification: Drawing tolerances; dimensional report.
  5. Functional test: Hydrostatic, pneumatic, mechanical movement — per project specification.
  6. Re-NDT (if required): Additional UT/RT on critical welds; reject rate reported.
  7. Punch list & closure: Open items listed; correction and re-test recorded.
  8. FAT report: Signed acceptance/rejection document; shipment approval.
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